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Sunspots, the Cool Spots on the Sun
The Sun is a complex, dynamic star whose activities have profound effects on Earth.
Two fascinating phenomena, sunspots and solar storms, play a key role in the interaction between the Sun and Earth, particularly in the creation of the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis).
Sunspots: Black Spots on the Sun
Sunspots are dark, relatively cool areas on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that result from the bulging of strong magnetic fields on the Sun's surface. These magnetic bulges inhibit the flow of energy from the Sun’s interior, causing the spots to reach temperatures of about 3,800–4,500 Kelvin, compared to the surrounding 5,800 Kelvin.
The number of sunspots varies in an 11-year solar cycle. During the solar maximum, activity is higher, with more sunspots and associated energy. Sunspots are often an indication of upcoming solar activities such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are part of a broader phenomenon known as solar storms.
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